Fig. 3. Effects of APE from Trigona thoracica on formalin-induced paw licking test in mice. (A) Early phase. (B) Late phase. Each column represents the mean ± standard error of six mice. Statistical analyses are performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparisons test. P < 0.0001 represents a significant difference when the APE (400 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg and 2,000 mg/kg, p.o) or positive control group (ASA 100 mg/kg, p.o and morphine 5 mg/kg, i.p) were compared. Values on top of each column denote the percentage of inhibition. APE: aqueous propolis extract, ASA: acetylsalicylic acid, MOR: morphine, p.o: orally, i.p: intraperitoneal, NS: normal saline.
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