Schematic presentation of dopamine (DA), noradrenalin (NA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synaptic terminals drawn in the same neuron. In human body, they are actually located in the different neurons and locations: (1) The dopamine transporter (DAT) expression is dominant in the cell bodies of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area: (2) The noradrenalin transporter (NET) expression is abundant in the locus coeruleus and other brain stem nuclei; (3) The 5-HT transporter (SERT) expression is frequently found in the median and dorsal raphe nuclei. They are also found peripherally, especially in the dorsal root ganglia related to descending inhibition of pain. Monoamine transporters are localized to presynaptic sites, where they are crucial for the termination of monoamine transmission and the maintenance of presynaptic monoamine storage. Nefopam (NFP) has an ability of these 3 receptors reuptake inhibition (Modified from Torres GE, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG. Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; 4: 13-25.).